Thus we have stakes (enjeux) which are the most part the product of the competition between players.
We have an investment in the game, illusio (from ludus, the game): players are taken in by the game, they oppose one another, sometimes with ferocity, only to the extent that they concur in their belief (doxa) in the game and its takes; they grant these a recognition that escapes questioning.
Players agree, by the mere fact of playing, that it is "worth the candle", and this cullusion is the very basis of their competition.
Tuesday, April 30, 2013
Monday, April 29, 2013
How To Win Back Lost Love
How To Win Back Lost Love
If you’ve had a break-up, you’re probably either
trying to figure out how to get over the person, or how to win back lost
love. Neither is very easy, but most people fall to one or the other,
with only very few able to move on quickly without pining or wishing
things could be different. You should really think hard about the
relationship and your ex before you do anything. Think about how things
were and how they will be now. Try to be as unbiased as you can. You
might decide that the break-up really isn’t a bad idea.
If you decide to try to win back lost love, the first step is to apologize. You might think you’ve done this. You might have said you were sorry several times. But if your ex thought you were apologizing just to stop a break-up, he or she might not think the apology was sincere.
If you were the one who did something that you need to apologize for, apologize again. Now they might think the apology is sincere, because nothing hinges on it. If the relationship has ended, you won’t be saying it only to save it but they will believe that you really mean it. (And hopefully, you do.)
When your ex was the one who did something worth apologizing for, then rather than try to get a sincere apology from them, forgive them. You may never forget, especially if your break-up was because of cheating, but you must learn to forgive. Forgiving is much harder for some of us than merely saying, “I forgive you,” though, so you might want to read a book or two on forgiveness and how to really mean it. If you want to win back lost love, this step will help you do it. And it can help prevent problems in the future, too.
If you do succeed and you win back lost love, 3 or 6 or 9 months into the newly patched relationship, old issues might come up. If you haven’t forgiven the person for whatever was done to break up the relationship, then you might have a hard time getting past everything. Old wounds would be reopened and it’s likely that hurtful things would be said.
But if you can truly forgive the person, then there won’t be any need to rehash the past. While you’re working on forgiving him or her for whatever happened to cause the break up, forgive them for the break up itself and you’ll save yourself lots of grief down the road.
Also, to win back lost love, show the person the “you” they fell in love with, not the “you” that has been dumped. They were with you because you have certain qualities—kindness, thoughtfulness—not because you’re angry, jealous or hurt. While you might not be able to hide the hurt, concentrate on being the best “you” you can possibly be and you may win back lost love by reminding them why they loved you in the first place.
If you decide to try to win back lost love, the first step is to apologize. You might think you’ve done this. You might have said you were sorry several times. But if your ex thought you were apologizing just to stop a break-up, he or she might not think the apology was sincere.
If you were the one who did something that you need to apologize for, apologize again. Now they might think the apology is sincere, because nothing hinges on it. If the relationship has ended, you won’t be saying it only to save it but they will believe that you really mean it. (And hopefully, you do.)
When your ex was the one who did something worth apologizing for, then rather than try to get a sincere apology from them, forgive them. You may never forget, especially if your break-up was because of cheating, but you must learn to forgive. Forgiving is much harder for some of us than merely saying, “I forgive you,” though, so you might want to read a book or two on forgiveness and how to really mean it. If you want to win back lost love, this step will help you do it. And it can help prevent problems in the future, too.
If you do succeed and you win back lost love, 3 or 6 or 9 months into the newly patched relationship, old issues might come up. If you haven’t forgiven the person for whatever was done to break up the relationship, then you might have a hard time getting past everything. Old wounds would be reopened and it’s likely that hurtful things would be said.
But if you can truly forgive the person, then there won’t be any need to rehash the past. While you’re working on forgiving him or her for whatever happened to cause the break up, forgive them for the break up itself and you’ll save yourself lots of grief down the road.
Also, to win back lost love, show the person the “you” they fell in love with, not the “you” that has been dumped. They were with you because you have certain qualities—kindness, thoughtfulness—not because you’re angry, jealous or hurt. While you might not be able to hide the hurt, concentrate on being the best “you” you can possibly be and you may win back lost love by reminding them why they loved you in the first place.
Sunday, April 28, 2013
Teaching Tip : Stopping an Activity
Teaching Tip : Stopping an Activity
How:
- If you have a small enough group that you can be heard by everyone, just
say something like "OK, you can stop there. Well done everyone. Thank you,
you can stop now. Yes, that includes you, Giovanni!" Then give the students
a few seconds to finish their sentences until the room falls quiet. Let them
finish what they were saying.
- If you have a big group so you won't be heard if you try talk over everyone
then don't bother to shout yourself hoarse, simply have a certain place in the
classroom where you go and stand when you want everyone's attention and
go and stand in it. The students will stop talking very soon. (I stand in front
of the board, facing the class which gets their attention because for the
previous ten minutes or so I've been cruising round the room monitoring).
You can explain to students at the beginning of the course, "When I want
your attention I will stand here and you will stop what you are doing and
listen to me because I don't like shouting for your attention. Is that clear"?
When:
- It's not important if the students have finished the activity - it's the taking
part that counts, as they say.
- It's a good idea to stop things while they are going swingingly because it
means you never hit the students' boredom threshold. Leave them wanting
more and enthusiasm will remain high. On the other hand, don't stop it too
soon because not everyone will have had a chance to speak or guess the
answers yet so they'll feel cheated.
Saturday, April 27, 2013
Discover How To Approach a Woman From Korea In 3 Practical Steps!
We both find Korean women attractive and knowing how to approach them is worth it.
Soon you'll be in fun interactions with Korean ladies with these 3 practical and simple steps.
She will stick around and be genuinely interested in you.
This is because most guys don't start conversations with her in a way that's socially acceptable and pleasant.
So how do you approach a Korean woman? The 3 steps are:
• do a self-check
• approach safely
• give her a social excuse
Soon you'll be able to approach a Korean woman with such ease you'll be surprised for not doing this sooner!
Approach Korean Women
Want to know how to approach a woman from Korea but look like a slob?
Koreans value your fashion and physical fitness before they'll take
you seriously.
What about your vibe? Do you come across as 'weird'? When you talk to people do they subconsciously gasp and walk away?
If you want to be sure then record yourself for a few hours doing normal things. Forget about the camera. Watch yourself afterwards. What kind of person do you see?
A weird person? Or someone who seems to be self-sufficient and confident enough?
Also how's your life going outside of relationships? Is everything good? How about your feelings towards women? Do you like women or are you currently bitter towards them?
It's important to have the right mindset and be in a good place before you start approaching Korean women. If you are then Korean women will notice it and talk with you.
Approach Korean Women
The best way to walk towards a Korean woman is to approach her so that she sees you approaching her.
I don't recommend approaching her from behind. Instead come in from the front or from the side. She's got to be able to see you to feel safe enough to talk to you.
When it comes to how to approach a woman from Korea this is critical! Korean women are taught to only talk with people they've been introduced to or family. Talking with strangers is a new concept.
Making her feel safe will boost your chances that she'll stick around and talk to you.
Approach Korean Women
Knowing how to approach a woman from Korea is the easy part.
What you say next is the trick! ;-)
The best thing you can do to start the conversation is to give her an excuse to talk to you. It could be asking her
• for the time
• for directions
• for a Korean translation
In all these cases you both have a socially acceptable reason to start talking.
You can also carry a Korean-English translator and plan on asking her how to read a certain word.
How to approach a Korean woman?
I recommend either
• saying "yogiyo" (which is 'hey there' in Korean)
• saying "hey there" rather than "excuse me"
• gently tapping her on the upper arm with the back of the hand
This will get her attention. You can then ask her to pronounce a certain word for you. She'll be more than happy to help!
Soon you'll be in fun interactions with Korean ladies with these 3 practical and simple steps.
She will stick around and be genuinely interested in you.
This is because most guys don't start conversations with her in a way that's socially acceptable and pleasant.
So how do you approach a Korean woman? The 3 steps are:
• do a self-check
• approach safely
• give her a social excuse
Soon you'll be able to approach a Korean woman with such ease you'll be surprised for not doing this sooner!
Approach Korean Women
Step #1 - Do a Self-Check
Want to know how to approach a woman from Korea but look like a slob?
Koreans value your fashion and physical fitness before they'll take
you seriously.What about your vibe? Do you come across as 'weird'? When you talk to people do they subconsciously gasp and walk away?
If you want to be sure then record yourself for a few hours doing normal things. Forget about the camera. Watch yourself afterwards. What kind of person do you see?
A weird person? Or someone who seems to be self-sufficient and confident enough?
Also how's your life going outside of relationships? Is everything good? How about your feelings towards women? Do you like women or are you currently bitter towards them?
It's important to have the right mindset and be in a good place before you start approaching Korean women. If you are then Korean women will notice it and talk with you.
Approach Korean Women
Step #2 - Approach Her Safely
The best way to walk towards a Korean woman is to approach her so that she sees you approaching her.I don't recommend approaching her from behind. Instead come in from the front or from the side. She's got to be able to see you to feel safe enough to talk to you.
When it comes to how to approach a woman from Korea this is critical! Korean women are taught to only talk with people they've been introduced to or family. Talking with strangers is a new concept.
Making her feel safe will boost your chances that she'll stick around and talk to you.
Approach Korean Women
Step #3 - Have an Excuse
Knowing how to approach a woman from Korea is the easy part.What you say next is the trick! ;-)
The best thing you can do to start the conversation is to give her an excuse to talk to you. It could be asking her
• for the time
• for directions
• for a Korean translation
In all these cases you both have a socially acceptable reason to start talking.
You can also carry a Korean-English translator and plan on asking her how to read a certain word.
How to approach a Korean woman?
I recommend either
• saying "yogiyo" (which is 'hey there' in Korean)
• saying "hey there" rather than "excuse me"
• gently tapping her on the upper arm with the back of the hand
This will get her attention. You can then ask her to pronounce a certain word for you. She'll be more than happy to help!
Body language And Dating Korean Women
Even though we know that 'love' knows no language - we have to admit that it's not easy.
While dating Korean ladies whose culture is very different - body language is the key to expressing your love or feeling to your new date.
While interacting with people we always try to find syncs between the wods and the body movement of the other person.
When it comes to dating - body language can be even more telling.
Due to cultural differences, the body language of two people differs a lot.
If you’re new to Asian culture, then you should start meeting Asian people and learn how they talk and how they express their feelings, before dating someone.
Please follow these five tips to impress Asian ladies:
Gentle
smile: You need to have a gentle and positive smile
on your face while talking to an Asian girl. Take caution to not smile too
widely or to smile too much at whatever your partner says.
Because most of the
time these work as strong repellents and may make your date think that you’re over-anxious.
Greet her appropriately:
Unlike in western
culture, Asians bow down to greet instead of shaking hands. Never try to shake
hands with Asian gals unless they are interested.
Also while shaking hands;
your grip must be firm and confident. Stand before her like you deserve her and
you’re better than anyone around.
Maintain eye contact: Maintain good eye contact with your
date and don’t allow your eyes to wander while talking.
If you stare at others,
then it gives a message that you’re not interested. That’s when you’ll almost
kill the situation.
Gesture softly, or with your eyes: Don’t mistake a date as a corporate
meeting, when you would be inclined to make bold hand gestures.
Such gestures
are not necessary on dates, particularly early on in the relationship. And do
not hold something in front of your body, because that may give a signal that
you want space.
If you want to show her something from afar, then signal
through your eyes instead of your hands.
Talk
less, listen more: You need to have an active
listener who talks less, but not very much less. Listen to what you possible
partner says and give a nod from time to time, to indicate that you are
listening.
Korean ladies like to talk a lot and they expect you to listen and
respond well. If your date is still learning English, speak slowly, so that she
can understand what you’re saying.
Sweet Pick Up Lines To Chat Up Korean Women With Confidence!
Finally! Sweet pick up lines that were tested to help you and that beautiful Korean woman connect.
Not only that but you'll also discover HOW to make your own sweet pickup lines so that you can genuinely show YOUR charming side…no matter how wide that language barrier is!
Understand that the differences between getting a Korean woman and a Western woman to connect with you is exciting!
Korean women aren't supposed to talk to you (the stranger) at all.
You and her being from different worlds doesn't help!
Rest easy - you'll soon be making your successful pickup lines and will start conversations with that Korean woman who's beauty is screaming "Talk to me!"
Remember that these are meant to be said light-heartedly.
The goal is to get her to laugh at YOUR unique charm. You'll also make her curious about you and will thus want to keep talking.
to question their nationality. Questioning hers will surprise her and make her curious as to why you're asking. It will also make those light-hearted Korean women laugh!
"Where is the (wherever you are currently)?" Are you in the subway when you see her? Then ask her where the subway is! Are you in a coffee shop? Ask her where the coffee shop is!
This will surprise her and give you an excuse to talk to her. It will also make her laugh some! When she tells you, thank her and pretend that she just saved your life! You can then ask her if she's the Korean Wonder Woman. ;-)
Is she wearing a scarf that's covering her face? Ask her if she's Taliban!
Is she wearing a black and white outfit? Ask her if she's a fugitive!
Does she have light orange boots? Ask her if they glow in the dark!
Does she have a big purse? Ask her if that's her suit case and is she traveling!
Does she have a lot of shopping bags? Tell her she's rich!
"What if we have a language barrier?" Not a problem! Simply use your body language and basic English like "You. Taliban?" or "You. Prisoner?" You can even act out the part. Show your personality as you act out each role! ;-)
In any case the goal is to light-heartedly tease her. Tease her as if she were your little sister and you're in! Keep the language basic and the body language present and you'll be more than fine.
I recommend:
• coming up with ways to tease her like a little sister
• making little slap stick comments about hew appearance
but most importantly pick her up with a line that YOU find funny!
That's the magic in that initial conversation - doing something fun for you and sharing it with her.
Note: I recommend staying away from derogatory or chauvinistic humor.
Being a goofy clown doesn't help either.
Keep things light and playful as if she were your little sister and please use your common sense!
Sure you'll give yourself a laugh. You'll win the battle but you'll lose the war. She might not even understand what you're talking about anyway. So why bother?
Ask yourself this question - do you want a pickup line that will get your ego pleased? Or that you will get you the girl?
This is where you bring out your best foot forward. For more on how to do that then take advantage of my Korean dating coaches to get you started on the right track. Click on the link for more.
You can discover what's holding you back from transforming into that confident Korean ladies' man you want to be. Simply click on the link for more information!
In any case I wish you the best of luck because Korean women as their quick-to-laugh spirit make them among the funnest to pick up!
Again if you want more on what to say next then take advantage of my 1-on-1 Korean dating coaches to make sure you pick her up with YOUR personality.
Have fun! ;-)
Return to Korea dating tips here!
Not only that but you'll also discover HOW to make your own sweet pickup lines so that you can genuinely show YOUR charming side…no matter how wide that language barrier is!
Understand that the differences between getting a Korean woman and a Western woman to connect with you is exciting!
Korean women aren't supposed to talk to you (the stranger) at all.
You and her being from different worlds doesn't help!
Rest easy - you'll soon be making your successful pickup lines and will start conversations with that Korean woman who's beauty is screaming "Talk to me!"
Remember that these are meant to be said light-heartedly.
The goal is to get her to laugh at YOUR unique charm. You'll also make her curious about you and will thus want to keep talking.
Sweet Pick Up Lines That Work!
"Can you speak Korean?" My tried and true pick up line isto question their nationality. Questioning hers will surprise her and make her curious as to why you're asking. It will also make those light-hearted Korean women laugh!
"Where is the (wherever you are currently)?" Are you in the subway when you see her? Then ask her where the subway is! Are you in a coffee shop? Ask her where the coffee shop is!
This will surprise her and give you an excuse to talk to her. It will also make her laugh some! When she tells you, thank her and pretend that she just saved your life! You can then ask her if she's the Korean Wonder Woman. ;-)
Situational And Sweet Pick Up Lines
Is she wearing a black and white outfit? Ask her if she's a fugitive!
Does she have light orange boots? Ask her if they glow in the dark!
Does she have a big purse? Ask her if that's her suit case and is she traveling!
Does she have a lot of shopping bags? Tell her she's rich!
"What if we have a language barrier?" Not a problem! Simply use your body language and basic English like "You. Taliban?" or "You. Prisoner?" You can even act out the part. Show your personality as you act out each role! ;-)
In any case the goal is to light-heartedly tease her. Tease her as if she were your little sister and you're in! Keep the language basic and the body language present and you'll be more than fine.
Make Your Own Sweet Pick Up Lines Now!
What if you want to make your own as opposed to using 'canned and contrived' pick up lines? I understand completely!I recommend:
• coming up with ways to tease her like a little sister
• making little slap stick comments about hew appearance
but most importantly pick her up with a line that YOU find funny!
That's the magic in that initial conversation - doing something fun for you and sharing it with her.
Note: I recommend staying away from derogatory or chauvinistic humor.
Being a goofy clown doesn't help either.
Keep things light and playful as if she were your little sister and please use your common sense!
Corny Pick Up Lines Don't Work!
Ask anyone who is successful with women - Corny pickup lines aren't worth depending on.Sure you'll give yourself a laugh. You'll win the battle but you'll lose the war. She might not even understand what you're talking about anyway. So why bother?
Ask yourself this question - do you want a pickup line that will get your ego pleased? Or that you will get you the girl?
What Comes After Sweet Pick Up Lines?
So you got her attention and she's laughing - what next?This is where you bring out your best foot forward. For more on how to do that then take advantage of my Korean dating coaches to get you started on the right track. Click on the link for more.
You can discover what's holding you back from transforming into that confident Korean ladies' man you want to be. Simply click on the link for more information!
What You Must Know About Pickup Lines
Pick up lines only help get your foot into the door. They barely get you started. It's what comes afterwards that will ultimately make her decide to stick around or not.In any case I wish you the best of luck because Korean women as their quick-to-laugh spirit make them among the funnest to pick up!
Again if you want more on what to say next then take advantage of my 1-on-1 Korean dating coaches to make sure you pick her up with YOUR personality.
Have fun! ;-)
Related Links
Return to the top of sweet pick up lines here!Return to Korea dating tips here!
How To Talk To Girls From Korea With Confidence!
Wondering how to talk to girls from Korea?
Sick and tired of not knowing what to say when face to face with that beautiful Korean woman?
When you're meeting a Korean woman that you want to date: how do you keep her engaged to ask for her number?
It starts with knowing the 7 ingredients that make ANY normal conversation magical.
You're already using some of them but you lose the girl because of what you're NOT addressing!
Ideally you want to have a combination of:
• spiking her emotions
• qualifying her
• sharing your vulnerabilities
• sharing your stories
• showing your sexual interest
• checking out logistics
• mapping out the future
Once you can interact with a Korean woman with a mastery of these 7 characteristics you'll be able to talk to a Korean woman (or any woman) with confidence!
How To Talk To Girls Part 1
Spike Her Emotions
tart your conversation powerfully by changing how she feels as soon
as she meets you. Before you talk to her she's probably in a bored
state of mind. That's where you can spark her emotions!How do you do that?
If you're a gorgeous man then just saying 'hi' will be enough. ;-) Otherwise simply make her laugh.
Tell her a little joke. Show her a little magic trick. Whatever it takes to get a rise out of her.
Being able to make a Korean woman (or any woman) laugh is gold! Korean women enjoy slapstick humor. Kids' jokes will work as well for you as they have for me.
Why not use the kids' jokes you love? How about using some sweet pick up lines? Read more by clicking on the link!
How To Talk To Girls #2
Make Her Feel Qualified!
This is where you let her know exactly why you're talking to her.More so than that - it's to let her know why you want to take the relationship further.
Is it just because of her body? That's not enough.
Do you enjoy how quickly she laughs?
Or how about how she speaks your language and knows your country?
Maybe it's the fact that she's confident enough to talk to a foreigner in another language.
Whatever it is I recommend that you like about her and that it's genuine. Most importantly is that what you like about her has nothing to do with her looks (at least not at first.)
How To Talk To Girls #3
Share Your Vulnerabilities
Most women (and Korean women too) are afraid of being duped. This can happen if they feel like you're being too smooth.I recommend sharing some vulnerabilities to make her feel more comfortable. Tell her how you're afraid of the dark (and that she should stay with you at night to comfort you!) ;-)
Share with her how you felt intimidated and alone when you first went to another country.
Not only does it make you feel good about the conversation you're also letting her share her vulnerabilities with you.
How To Talk To Girls #4
Share Your Stories
In addition to sharing your vulnerabilities how about telling her
some stories in your life? It gives some depth to your interaction and
helps you both connect.Is she talking about how she's going to a family dinner? Tell her about that one time you saw your family for Christmas and you were very happy to see your sister after so long.
Does she exercise? Tell her how you trained for a marathon once but stopped because you were lazy.
Sharing stories makes her feel like she's getting to know you as a person. She'll also share hers and as you both discover each other - magic happens.
Keep them simple and you don't even need to speak Korean for that magic to come!
How To Talk To Girls #5
Show Sexual Interest
This one can be tricky. I recommend understanding that showing your sexual interest towards her is different from telling her how horny you are. You are sexually interested because of who she is (qualification and her stories.) You just-so-happen to find her body attractive too. In fact if she likes you and feels qualified then she'll be happy that you like her body.
I recommend being very subtle with this at first. Once you're in an isolated environment you can show more sexual interest. In fact I recommend learning about how body language for dating can help you.
Start by giving her a sexual glance, looking at her and appreciating her body with your eyes. If you're both comfortable with each other you can even touch her hair and hands. Tell her how you like how they feel.
Remember - subtlety wins! ;-)
How To Talk To Girls #6
Check Out Logistics
So you're both loving each other's company and you want to set a
date. Sadly she's leaving the country the next day. Or maybe you both
live far away. Maybe she already has a boyfriend whom she's in love
with.Whatever the reason making sure that you know the logistics can save you from disappointment and heart-break...the same heart-break that I've been through time and again because I didn't do my logistical homework.
If the logistics aren't looking good (she lives to far or has a fiance) then maybe it's a good idea to leave the interaction.
That way you can avoid the frustration from trying to date someone who's not available.
How To Talk To Girls #7
Talk About The Future
Instead I recommend simply talking about future plans for a date or things you can do together.
Did you tell her about that great restaurant?
Tell her that you can 'introduce' (Koreans love that concept) her to it…if she's a good girl! ;-)
Do you like snowboarding and she's never done it? Maybe you can introduce her to that too!
I recommend keeping the future-talk light and playful. You can even make jokes. For example you can tell her how you will both fly the world together and solve mysteries…because you make a great team! ;-)
Final Thoughts on How To
Talk To Girls From Korea
Know how to talk to women and you'll have fun forever. Once you can
weave conversations with these elements you'll confidently attract women
with your personality.There's nothing like feeling the magic that comes from a unique conversation…especially if it's with a beautiful Korean woman! Once you're confident in those abilities will you be able to interact past the uncomfortable silences with ease.
And most importantly: Always escalate the interaction! ;-)
Want a solid plan on how to chat up Korean women for dating? I recommend getting a copy of my Date Korean Women E-book. Click on the link for more!
Related Links
Return to the top of How To Talk To Girls From Korea here!Return to Korea-Dating-Tips.com here!
First discover how to approach a woman from Korea here!
Could dirty pick up lines work with Korean women?
PUAs! Discover why PUA routines don't work with Korean women here!
More on how to pickup women from Korea here!
Read about WHY pick-up lines don't work!
Discover how to date again in Korea HERE!
On womanizers in Korea
Saturday, April 20, 2013
Top 10: Job Interview Mistakes
No.10 Dressing down
Just because your interview may be scheduled for Casual Friday, it doesn’t mean that you can show up in jeans and an untucked shirt. Regardless of the job you’re applying for, it’s important to dress for success by wearing a subdued suit and tie with a minimal amount of bodacious bling. Conversely, it’s also important not to overdress. Waltzing into your interview looking like the Monopoly Man may make your prospective employer think that you’re failing to take the process seriously. Play it safe and leave your top hat and tails at home.Friday, April 19, 2013
Thursday, April 18, 2013
How to Ace a Job Interview
An important step in every professional man`s life is the interview for
that much-anticipated job position. Men prepare for this moment their
whole lives, yet many things still go wrong. Here are some key interview
tips to remember in order to have a successful job interview.
This research should also include specific job-related issues and requirements. Applicants don't want to be faced with a tricky question often asked by interviewers, catching the applicant off guard. A good technique is to look at yourself in the mirror, go through the procedure of an interview and address your flaws. Portraying confidence and assertiveness are surely the most important parts of an interview. The interviewer wants to see that the applicant is sure of himself, and that his high confidence is a reflection of his abilities.
preparation
Of all the interview tips you will learn about, this is probably the most important part of the whole process, because with good preparation, everything should go as planned. Before getting to the interview, conduct some research so that you know some basic information about the company , like its mission statement and its position in the industry. This will allow you to intelligently answer questions that might suddenly be thrown your way during the interview session.This research should also include specific job-related issues and requirements. Applicants don't want to be faced with a tricky question often asked by interviewers, catching the applicant off guard. A good technique is to look at yourself in the mirror, go through the procedure of an interview and address your flaws. Portraying confidence and assertiveness are surely the most important parts of an interview. The interviewer wants to see that the applicant is sure of himself, and that his high confidence is a reflection of his abilities.
looks do matter
Using the same concept as when preparing a resume, your appearance will play a key role in presenting a good image of yourself. We wouldn't expect an employer to be wearing running shoes and jeans, so why should we? Dress appropriately for the position. Office and administrative jobs require, without a doubt, a suit and tie. Be wary of overdressing for the interview, but remember, it's better to be overdressed than underdressed.introduction and body language
There are three main things to do when entering the interview room and first meeting a human resources person:- Present yourself by clearly stating your name.
- Make direct eye contact with the interviewer.
- Give a firm handshake. A trick to avoid getting sweaty palms is to carry a tissue in your pocket to dry your hand right before the handshake.
- Constantly moving hands will usually represent nervousness. Keep them on the table, or on your knees.
- Sit up straight and don`t slouch. Sitting up portrays confidence and savoir faire .
- Unintentional nervous ticks are clearly noticeable by interviewers, but might not be to the applicant. Be careful not to tap the table, touch your face constantly or stutter when answering questions.
Wednesday, April 17, 2013
Alpha Male Traits
The following seven essential attributes of an alpha male come from the book Man 2.0 Engineering the Alpha: A Real World Guide to an Unreal Life, written by fitness experts and celebrity trainers Adam Bornstein and John Romaniello. The book hits stores today.
The drive to become successful isn’t simply a means to a narcissistic and individualistic end. The Alpha understands that taking care of his primary goals is only part of creating the life he wants; the other half is influencing and shaping the world he lives in. It’s taking what you’ve learned -- the good and the bad -- and being able to pay that knowledge forward and make the world a better place.
But being helpful has its limits. The Alpha gives advice and encourages others, but he does not look to do things for them. He understands that they need to do things on their own, and while they sometimes may need assistance, the Alpha realises that if he were to overstep his bounds and solve the problems for them, they wouldn’t learn.
The previous incarnation of the Alpha was always thought of as cocky, as the guy who put others down to elevate himself. The redefined Alpha is not characterised by some overt cockiness that is projected to hide deeper insecurities but rather by a true confidence, an honest assessment of his strengths and weaknesses as well as what he can immediately achieve and what he needs to work on.
Therefore, the Alpha elevates others to display his confidence in his ability to share thoughts, ideas and plans that can positively influence the world around him and the people in it. If you have good ideas, you should share them. If you think you can help people, then you should take action.
Good-looking people can go a little farther in this world. It’s not a hard-line rule, but it is a general observation that has been proven over and over again. English researchers found that men who are rated as more attractive also happen to make more money in their jobs and have higher positions. A little bit of vanity is a good thing because it’s really just a manifestation of wanting to take care of yourself. When you look good, you feel good. When you feel good, you exude an energy that improves your world and the world of the people you interact with.
The difference between pride and arrogance is a fine line but one that separates those men who inspire from those considered arseholes. Everything depends on how you react to your success. Do you share your successes as a means to promote more creative and progressive thought -- or do you expect things to happen because of what you’ve already accomplished?
Arrogance is assuming that, because you’ve reached a certain level, you’re entitled to certain privileges and opportunities. On the other hand, pride is acknowledging your success but always retaining the mindset that you have to earn every opportunity, hustle for every success, and prove yourself over and over again.
Humility is important. It keeps us sane. It keeps us grounded. Most importantly, it keeps us hungry. Understanding that you are smart is essential to building the confidence you need to achieve; reminding yourself that you’re not Einstein is a strong driver that will help you learn more and become even smarter.
The Alpha understands that anyone who can’t be a little self-deprecating is taking life -- and himself -- too seriously. He’s humble and hungry, but he gives himself credit where it’s due. And he never, ever loses faith in himself.
You’re going to have to put up with some crap in life. Whether it’s with friends, loved ones, coworkers or bosses, part of life is dealing with crap. Patience and tolerance are essential to understanding your place in the world, as is being comfortable with opposing opinions and beliefs.
Whether it’s in the office or at the bar, you can’t be argumentative with everything that goes against your worldview and values. You have to be tolerant of people’s mistakes, shortcomings, and personal opinions. Doing otherwise is being narrow-minded and an arsehole. And you don’t want to be an arsehole.
You know the workaholic as the guy who stays late at the office and works himself to the bone. Doesn’t matter if it’s Monday at 11 a.m. or Saturday at 2 a.m. -- the workaholic is a machine designed to get things done. On one hand, we admire these people. There’s something to be said about a great work ethic, hustle and desire to take on seemingly impossible projects. On the other hand, there’s an aspect of the workaholic that we pity.
Alphas are dedicated to their families, friends, health and, most of all, to themselves. They are dedicated to improvement, but they are not tied to a narcissistic view that impairs their ability to create a rich, multifaceted existence.
Alpha Trait No. 1
Helpful -- But Not CondescendingThe drive to become successful isn’t simply a means to a narcissistic and individualistic end. The Alpha understands that taking care of his primary goals is only part of creating the life he wants; the other half is influencing and shaping the world he lives in. It’s taking what you’ve learned -- the good and the bad -- and being able to pay that knowledge forward and make the world a better place.
But being helpful has its limits. The Alpha gives advice and encourages others, but he does not look to do things for them. He understands that they need to do things on their own, and while they sometimes may need assistance, the Alpha realises that if he were to overstep his bounds and solve the problems for them, they wouldn’t learn.
Alpha Trait No. 2
Confident -- But Not CockyThe previous incarnation of the Alpha was always thought of as cocky, as the guy who put others down to elevate himself. The redefined Alpha is not characterised by some overt cockiness that is projected to hide deeper insecurities but rather by a true confidence, an honest assessment of his strengths and weaknesses as well as what he can immediately achieve and what he needs to work on.
Therefore, the Alpha elevates others to display his confidence in his ability to share thoughts, ideas and plans that can positively influence the world around him and the people in it. If you have good ideas, you should share them. If you think you can help people, then you should take action.
Alpha Trait No. 3
Vain -- But Not ConceitedGood-looking people can go a little farther in this world. It’s not a hard-line rule, but it is a general observation that has been proven over and over again. English researchers found that men who are rated as more attractive also happen to make more money in their jobs and have higher positions. A little bit of vanity is a good thing because it’s really just a manifestation of wanting to take care of yourself. When you look good, you feel good. When you feel good, you exude an energy that improves your world and the world of the people you interact with.
Alpha Trait No. 4
Prideful -- But Not ArrogantThe difference between pride and arrogance is a fine line but one that separates those men who inspire from those considered arseholes. Everything depends on how you react to your success. Do you share your successes as a means to promote more creative and progressive thought -- or do you expect things to happen because of what you’ve already accomplished?
Arrogance is assuming that, because you’ve reached a certain level, you’re entitled to certain privileges and opportunities. On the other hand, pride is acknowledging your success but always retaining the mindset that you have to earn every opportunity, hustle for every success, and prove yourself over and over again.
Alpha Trait No. 5
Humble -- But Not Self-LoathingHumility is important. It keeps us sane. It keeps us grounded. Most importantly, it keeps us hungry. Understanding that you are smart is essential to building the confidence you need to achieve; reminding yourself that you’re not Einstein is a strong driver that will help you learn more and become even smarter.
The Alpha understands that anyone who can’t be a little self-deprecating is taking life -- and himself -- too seriously. He’s humble and hungry, but he gives himself credit where it’s due. And he never, ever loses faith in himself.
Alpha Trait No. 6
Tolerant -- But Not WeakYou’re going to have to put up with some crap in life. Whether it’s with friends, loved ones, coworkers or bosses, part of life is dealing with crap. Patience and tolerance are essential to understanding your place in the world, as is being comfortable with opposing opinions and beliefs.
Whether it’s in the office or at the bar, you can’t be argumentative with everything that goes against your worldview and values. You have to be tolerant of people’s mistakes, shortcomings, and personal opinions. Doing otherwise is being narrow-minded and an arsehole. And you don’t want to be an arsehole.
Alpha Trait No. 7
Dedicated -- But Not ObsessedYou know the workaholic as the guy who stays late at the office and works himself to the bone. Doesn’t matter if it’s Monday at 11 a.m. or Saturday at 2 a.m. -- the workaholic is a machine designed to get things done. On one hand, we admire these people. There’s something to be said about a great work ethic, hustle and desire to take on seemingly impossible projects. On the other hand, there’s an aspect of the workaholic that we pity.
Alphas are dedicated to their families, friends, health and, most of all, to themselves. They are dedicated to improvement, but they are not tied to a narcissistic view that impairs their ability to create a rich, multifaceted existence.
Sunday, April 14, 2013
Sign (semiotics)
Sign (semiotics)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
meaning, which is something other than itself, and which is therefore able to communicate information
to the one interpreting or decoding the sign. Signs can work through
any of the senses, visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory or taste, and
their meaning can be intentional such as a word uttered with a specific
meaning, or unintentional such as a symptom being a sign of a particular medical condition.
There are two major theories about the way in which signs acquire the ability to transfer information; both theories understand the defining property of the sign as being a relation between a number of elements. In the tradition of semiotics developed by Ferdinand de Saussure the sign relation is dyadic, consisting only of a form of the sign (the signifier) and its meaning (the signified). Saussure saw this relation as being essentially arbitrary motivated only by social convention. Saussure's theory has been particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs. The other major semiotic theory developed by C. S. Peirce defines the sign as a triadic relation as "something that stands for something, to someone in some capacity"[1] This means that a sign is a relation between the sign vehicle (the specific physical form of the sign), a sign object (the aspect of the world that the sign carries meaning about) and an interpretant (the meaning of the sign as understood by an interpreter). According to Peirce signs can be divided by the type of relation that holds the sign relation together as either icons, indices or symbols. Icons are those signs that signify by means of similarity between sign vehicle and sign object (e.g. a portrait, or a map), indices are those that signify by means of a direct relation of contiguity or causality between sign vehicle and sign object (e.g. a symptom), and symbols are those that signify through a law or arbitrary social convention.
A famous thesis by Saussure states that the relationship between a sign and the real-world thing it denotes is an arbitrary one. There is not a natural relationship between a word and the object it refers to, nor is there a causal relationship between the inherent properties of the object and the nature of the sign used to denote it. For example, there is nothing about the physical quality of paper that requires denotation by the phonological sequence ‘paper’. There is, however, what Saussure called ‘relative motivation’: the possibilities of signification of a signifier are constrained by the compositionality of elements in the linguistic system (cf. Emile Benveniste's paper on the arbitrariness of the sign in the first volume of his papers on general linguistics). In other words, a word is only available to acquire a new meaning if it is identifiably different from all the other words in the language and it has no existing meaning. Structuralism was later based on this idea that it is only within a given system that one can define the distinction between the levels of system and use, or the semantic "value" of a sign.
Even when a sign represents by a resemblance or factual connection independent of interpretation, the sign is a sign only insofar as it is at least potentially interpretable by a mind and insofar as the sign is a determination of a mind or at least a quasi-mind, that which functions as if it were a mind, for example in crystals and the work of bees[9]—the focus here is on sign action in general, not on psychology, linguistics, or social studies (fields which Peirce also pursued).
A sign is something which depends on an object in a way that enables (and, in a sense, determines) an interpretation, an interpretant, to depend on the object as the sign depends on the object. The interpretant, then, is a further sign of the object, and thus enables and determines still further interpretations, further interpretant signs. The process, called semiosis, is irreducibly triadic, Peirce held, and is logically structured to perpetuate itself. It is what defines sign, object, and interpretant in general.[10] As Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990: 7) put it, "the process of referring effected by the sign is infinite." (Note also that Peirce used the word "determine" in the sense not of strict determinism, but of effectiveness that can vary like an influence.[11])
Peirce further characterized the three semiotic elements as follows:[12]
Peirce generalized the communicational idea of utterance and interpretation of a sign, to cover all signs:[15]
Molino's and Nattiez's diagram:
Because of those classificatory interdependences, the three
trichotomies intersect to form ten (rather than 27) classes of signs.
There are also various kinds of meaningful combination. Signs can be
attached to one another. A photograph is an index with a meaningfully
attached icon. Arguments are composed of dicisigns, and dicisigns are
composed of rhemes. In order to be embodied, legisigns (types) need
sinsigns (tokens) as their individual replicas or instances. A symbol
depends as a sign on how it will be interpreted, regardless of
resemblance or factual connection to its object; but the symbol's
individual embodiment is an index to your experience of the object. A
symbol is instanced by a specialized indexical sinsign. A symbol such as
a sentence in a language prescribes qualities of appearance for its
instances, and is itself a replica of a symbol such as a proposition
apart from expression in a particular language. Peirce covered both
semantic and syntactical issues in his theoretical grammar, as he
sometimes called it. He regarded formal semiotic, as logic, as
furthermore encompassing study of arguments (hypothetical, deductive, and inductive) and inquiry's methods including pragmatism; and as allied to but distinct from logic's pure mathematics.
Peirce sometimes referred to the “ground” of a sign. The ground is the pure abstraction of a quality.[20] A sign's ground is the respect in which the sign represents its object, e.g. as in literal and figurative language. For example, an icon presents a characteristic or quality attributed to an object, while a symbol imputes to an object a quality either presented by an icon or symbolized so as to evoke a mental icon.
Peirce called an icon apart from a label, legend, or other index attached to it, a "hypoicon", and divided the hypoicon into three classes: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality; (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something; and (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.[21] A diagram can be geometric, or can consist in an array of algebraic expressions, or even in the common form "All __ is ___" which is subjectable, like any diagram, to logical or mathematical transformations. Peirce held that mathematics is done by diagrammatic thinking — observation of, and experimentation on, diagrams. Peirce developed for deductive logic a system of visual existential graphs, which continue to be researched today.
Modern theories deny the Saussurian distinction between signifier and signified, and look for meaning not in the individual signs, but in their context and the framework of potential meanings that could be applied. Such theories assert that language is a collective memory or cultural history of all the different ways in which meaning has been communicated, and may to that extent, constitute all life's experiences (see Louis Hjelmslev). Hjelmslev did not consider the sign to be the smallest semiotic unit, as he believed it possible to decompose it further; instead, he considered the "internal structure of language" to be a system of figurae, a concept somewhat related to that of figure of speech, which he considered to be the ultimate semiotic unity.[22][23][24]
This position implies that speaking is simply one more form of behaviour and changes the focus of attention from the text as language, to the text as a representation of purpose, a functional version of the author's intention. But, once the message has been transmitted, the text exists independently.[citation needed]
Hence, although the writers who co-operated to produce this page exist, they can only be represented by the signs actually selected and presented here. The interpretation process in the receiver's mind may attribute meanings completely different from those intended by the senders. But, why might this happen? Neither the sender nor the receiver of a text has a perfect grasp of all language. Each individual's relatively small stock of knowledge is the product of personal experience and their attitude to learning. When the audience receives the message, there will always be an excess of connotational meanings available to be applied to the particular signs in their context (no matter how relatively complete or incomplete their knowledge, the cognitive process is the same).[citation needed]
The first stage in understanding the message is therefore, to suspend or defer judgement until more information becomes available. At some point, the individual receiver decides which of all the possible meanings represents the best possible "fit". Sometimes, uncertainty may not be resolved, so meaning is indefinitely deferred, or a provisional or approximate meaning is allocated. More often, the receiver's desire for closure (see Gestalt psychology) leads to simple meanings being attributed out of prejudices and without reference to the sender's intentions.[citation needed]
There are two major theories about the way in which signs acquire the ability to transfer information; both theories understand the defining property of the sign as being a relation between a number of elements. In the tradition of semiotics developed by Ferdinand de Saussure the sign relation is dyadic, consisting only of a form of the sign (the signifier) and its meaning (the signified). Saussure saw this relation as being essentially arbitrary motivated only by social convention. Saussure's theory has been particularly influential in the study of linguistic signs. The other major semiotic theory developed by C. S. Peirce defines the sign as a triadic relation as "something that stands for something, to someone in some capacity"[1] This means that a sign is a relation between the sign vehicle (the specific physical form of the sign), a sign object (the aspect of the world that the sign carries meaning about) and an interpretant (the meaning of the sign as understood by an interpreter). According to Peirce signs can be divided by the type of relation that holds the sign relation together as either icons, indices or symbols. Icons are those signs that signify by means of similarity between sign vehicle and sign object (e.g. a portrait, or a map), indices are those that signify by means of a direct relation of contiguity or causality between sign vehicle and sign object (e.g. a symptom), and symbols are those that signify through a law or arbitrary social convention.
Contents |
Dyadic signs
According to Saussure (1857–1913), a sign is composed of the signifier[2] (signifiant), and the signified (signifié). These cannot be conceptualized as separate entities but rather as a mapping from significant differences in sound to potential (correct) differential denotation. The Saussurean sign exists only at the level of the synchronic system, in which signs are defined by their relative and hierarchical privileges of co-occurrence. It is thus a common misreading of Saussure to take signifiers to be anything one could speak, and signifieds as things in the world. In fact, the relationship of language to parole (or speech-in-context) is and always has been a theoretical problem for linguistics (cf. Roman Jakobson's famous essay "Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics" et al.).A famous thesis by Saussure states that the relationship between a sign and the real-world thing it denotes is an arbitrary one. There is not a natural relationship between a word and the object it refers to, nor is there a causal relationship between the inherent properties of the object and the nature of the sign used to denote it. For example, there is nothing about the physical quality of paper that requires denotation by the phonological sequence ‘paper’. There is, however, what Saussure called ‘relative motivation’: the possibilities of signification of a signifier are constrained by the compositionality of elements in the linguistic system (cf. Emile Benveniste's paper on the arbitrariness of the sign in the first volume of his papers on general linguistics). In other words, a word is only available to acquire a new meaning if it is identifiably different from all the other words in the language and it has no existing meaning. Structuralism was later based on this idea that it is only within a given system that one can define the distinction between the levels of system and use, or the semantic "value" of a sign.
Triadic signs
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) proposed a different theory. Unlike Saussure who approached the conceptual question from a study of linguistics and phonology, Peirce was a somewhat Kantian philosopher who distinguished "sign" from "word" as only a particular kind of sign, and characterized the sign as the means to understanding. He covered not only artificial, linguistic, and symbolic signs, but also all semblances (such as kindred sensible qualities), and all indicators (such as mechanical reactions). He counted as symbols all terms, propositions, and arguments even apart from their expression in particular languages. He held that "all this universe is perfused with signs, if it is not composed exclusively of signs".[3] The setting of Peirce's study of signs is philosophical logic, which he defined as formal semiotic,[4] and characterized as a normative field following esthetics and ethics, as more basic than metaphysics,[5] and as the art of devising methods of research.[6] He argued that, since all thought takes time, all thought is in signs,[7] that all thought has the form of inference (even when not conscious and deliberate),[7] and that, as inference, "logic is rooted in the social principle", since inference depends on a standpoint that, in a sense, is unlimited.[8] The result is a theory not of language in particular, but rather of the production of meaning, and it rejects the idea of a static relationship between a sign and that which it represents, its object. Peirce believed that signs are meaningful through recursive relationships that arise in sets of three.Even when a sign represents by a resemblance or factual connection independent of interpretation, the sign is a sign only insofar as it is at least potentially interpretable by a mind and insofar as the sign is a determination of a mind or at least a quasi-mind, that which functions as if it were a mind, for example in crystals and the work of bees[9]—the focus here is on sign action in general, not on psychology, linguistics, or social studies (fields which Peirce also pursued).
A sign is something which depends on an object in a way that enables (and, in a sense, determines) an interpretation, an interpretant, to depend on the object as the sign depends on the object. The interpretant, then, is a further sign of the object, and thus enables and determines still further interpretations, further interpretant signs. The process, called semiosis, is irreducibly triadic, Peirce held, and is logically structured to perpetuate itself. It is what defines sign, object, and interpretant in general.[10] As Jean-Jacques Nattiez (1990: 7) put it, "the process of referring effected by the sign is infinite." (Note also that Peirce used the word "determine" in the sense not of strict determinism, but of effectiveness that can vary like an influence.[11])
Peirce further characterized the three semiotic elements as follows:[12]
- Sign (or representamen[13]): that which represents the denoted object (cf. Saussure's "signifier").
- Object (or semiotic object): that which the sign represents (or as some put it, encodes). It can be anything thinkable, a law, a fact, or even a possibility (a semiotic object could even be fictional, such as Hamlet); those are partial objects; the total object is the universe of discourse,
the totality of objects in that world to which one attributes the
partial object. For example, perturbation of Pluto's orbit is a sign
about Pluto, but not only about Pluto. The object may be
- immediate to the sign, the object as represented in the sign, or
- dynamic, the object as it really is, on which the immediate object is founded.
- Interpretant (or interpretant sign): a sign's meaning or ramification as formed into a further sign by interpreting (or, as some put it, decoding) the sign. The interpretant may be:
- immediate to the sign, a kind of possibility, all that the sign is suited to immediately express, for instance a word's usual meaning;
- dynamic, that is, the meaning as formed into an actual effect, for example an individual translation or a state of agitation, or
- final or normal, that is, the ultimate meaning that inquiry taken far enough would be destined to reach. It is a kind of norm or ideal end, with which an actual interpretant may, at most, coincide.
Peirce generalized the communicational idea of utterance and interpretation of a sign, to cover all signs:[15]
According to Nattiez, writing with Jean Molino, the tripartite definition of sign, object, and interpretant is based on the "trace" or neutral level, Saussure's "sound-image" (or "signified", thus Peirce's "representamen"). Thus, "a symbolic form...is not some 'intermediary' in a process of 'communication' that transmits the meaning intended by the author to the audience; it is instead the result of a complex process of creation (the poietic process) that has to do with the form as well as the content of the work; it is also the point of departure for a complex process of reception (the esthesic process that reconstructs a 'message'"). (ibid, p. 17)Admitting that connected Signs must have a Quasi-mind, it may further be declared that there can be no isolated sign. Moreover, signs require at least two Quasi-minds; a Quasi-utterer and a Quasi-interpreter; and although these two are at one (i.e., are one mind) in the sign itself, they must nevertheless be distinct. In the Sign they are, so to say, welded. Accordingly, it is not merely a fact of human Psychology, but a necessity of Logic, that every logical evolution of thought should be dialogic.
Molino's and Nattiez's diagram:
-
Poietic Process Esthesic Process "Producer" → Trace ← Receiver
-
-
- (Nattiez 1990, p. 17)
-
Classes of triadic signs
By 1903[16] Peirce came to classify signs by three universal trichotomies dependent on his three categories (quality, fact, habit). He classified any sign:[17]- by what stands as the sign — either (qualisign, also called a tone) a quality — or (sinsign, also called token) an individual fact — or (legisign, also called type) a rule, a habit;
- by how the sign stands for its object — either (icon) by its own quality, such that it resembles the object, regardless of factual connection and of interpretive rule of reference — or (index) by factual connection to its object, regardless of resemblance and of interpretive rule of reference — or (symbol) by rule or habit of interpreted reference to its object, regardless of resemblance and of factual connection; and
- by how the sign stands for its object to its interpretant — either (rheme, also called seme,[18] such as a term) as regards quality or possibility, as if the sign were a qualisign, though it can be qualisign, sinsign, or legisign — or (dicisign, also called pheme, such as a proposition) as regards fact, as if the sign were an index, though it can be index or symbol — or (argument, also called delome[19]) as regards rule or habit. This is the trichotomy of all signs as building blocks in an inference process.
- Any qualisign is an icon. Sinsigns include some icons and some indices. Legisigns include some icons, some indices, and all symbols.
- Any icon is a rheme. Indices (be they sinsigns or legisigns) include some rhemes and some dicisigns. Symbols include some rhemes, some dicisigns, and all arguments.
| 1. | 2. | 3. | |||
| I. | Qualisign | or | Sinsign | or | Legisign |
| and |  |
||||
| II. | Icon | or | Index | or | Symbol |
| and | |
||||
| III. | Rheme | or | Dicisign | or | Argument |
Peirce sometimes referred to the “ground” of a sign. The ground is the pure abstraction of a quality.[20] A sign's ground is the respect in which the sign represents its object, e.g. as in literal and figurative language. For example, an icon presents a characteristic or quality attributed to an object, while a symbol imputes to an object a quality either presented by an icon or symbolized so as to evoke a mental icon.
Peirce called an icon apart from a label, legend, or other index attached to it, a "hypoicon", and divided the hypoicon into three classes: (a) the image, which depends on a simple quality; (b) the diagram, whose internal relations, mainly dyadic or so taken, represent by analogy the relations in something; and (c) the metaphor, which represents the representative character of a sign by representing a parallelism in something else.[21] A diagram can be geometric, or can consist in an array of algebraic expressions, or even in the common form "All __ is ___" which is subjectable, like any diagram, to logical or mathematical transformations. Peirce held that mathematics is done by diagrammatic thinking — observation of, and experimentation on, diagrams. Peirce developed for deductive logic a system of visual existential graphs, which continue to be researched today.
20th century theories
It is now agreed that the effectiveness of the acts that may convert the message into text (including speaking, writing, drawing, music and physical movements) depends upon the knowledge of the sender. If the sender is not familiar with the current language, its codes and its culture, then he or she will not be able to say anything at all, whether as a visitor in a different language area or because of a medical condition such as aphasia (see Roman Jakobson).Modern theories deny the Saussurian distinction between signifier and signified, and look for meaning not in the individual signs, but in their context and the framework of potential meanings that could be applied. Such theories assert that language is a collective memory or cultural history of all the different ways in which meaning has been communicated, and may to that extent, constitute all life's experiences (see Louis Hjelmslev). Hjelmslev did not consider the sign to be the smallest semiotic unit, as he believed it possible to decompose it further; instead, he considered the "internal structure of language" to be a system of figurae, a concept somewhat related to that of figure of speech, which he considered to be the ultimate semiotic unity.[22][23][24]
This position implies that speaking is simply one more form of behaviour and changes the focus of attention from the text as language, to the text as a representation of purpose, a functional version of the author's intention. But, once the message has been transmitted, the text exists independently.[citation needed]
Hence, although the writers who co-operated to produce this page exist, they can only be represented by the signs actually selected and presented here. The interpretation process in the receiver's mind may attribute meanings completely different from those intended by the senders. But, why might this happen? Neither the sender nor the receiver of a text has a perfect grasp of all language. Each individual's relatively small stock of knowledge is the product of personal experience and their attitude to learning. When the audience receives the message, there will always be an excess of connotational meanings available to be applied to the particular signs in their context (no matter how relatively complete or incomplete their knowledge, the cognitive process is the same).[citation needed]
The first stage in understanding the message is therefore, to suspend or defer judgement until more information becomes available. At some point, the individual receiver decides which of all the possible meanings represents the best possible "fit". Sometimes, uncertainty may not be resolved, so meaning is indefinitely deferred, or a provisional or approximate meaning is allocated. More often, the receiver's desire for closure (see Gestalt psychology) leads to simple meanings being attributed out of prejudices and without reference to the sender's intentions.[citation needed]
Postmodern theory
Within critical theory, the notion of sign takes various usages. "Many postmodernist theorists postulate a complete disconnection of the signifier and the signified. An 'empty' or 'floating signifier' is variously defined as a signifier with a vague, highly variable, unspecifiable or non-existent signified. Such signifiers mean different things to different people: they may stand for many or even any signifieds; they may mean whatever their interpreters want them to mean."[25]See also
Notes
- ^ Marcel Danesi and Paul Perron, Analyzing Cultures.
- ^ Mardy S. Ireland defines a signifier as:
A unit of something (i.e., a word, gesture) that can carry ambiguous/multiple meanings (e.g., as U.S. President Bill Clinton once said, "It depends on what the meaning of the word 'is', is")
Ireland, Mardy S. (2003). The Art of the Subject: Between Necessary Illusion and Speakable Desire in the Analytic Encounter. Other Press. 159051033X. p. 13. - ^ Peirce, C. S., Collected Papers, v. 5, paragraph 448 footnote, from "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in 1906.
- ^ Peirce, C.S., 1902, Application to the Carnegie Institution, Memoir 12, "On the Definition of Logic", Eprint. Note that by "logic" Peirce means a part of philosophy, not the mathematics of logic. (See Classification of the sciences (Peirce).
- ^ On his classifications, see Peirce, C.S. (1903), Collected Peirce v. 1, paragraphs 180–202 Eprint and (1906) "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 372–3. For relevant quotes, see "Philosophy" and "Logic" in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.
- ^ Peirce, C.S., 1882, "Introductory Lecture on the Study of Logic" delivered September 1882, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, v. 2, n. 19, pp. 11–12, November 1892, Google Book Eprint. Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 7, paragraphs 59–76, The Essential Peirce v. 1, pp. 210–14, and Writings of Charles S. Peirce v. 4, pp. 378–82.
- ^ a b Peirce, C.S. (1868), "Questions concerning certain Faculties claimed for Man" (Arisbe Eprint), Journal of Speculative Philosophy vol. 2, pp. 103–114. Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 5, paragraphs 213–63.
- ^ Peirce, C. S. (1878) "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 604–15, 1878, reprinted in Collected Papers, v. 2, paragraphs 645–68, Writings of Charles S. Peirce v. 3, pp. 276–90, and The Essential Peirce v. 1, pp. 142–54. "...death makes the number of our risks, the number of our inferences, finite, and so makes their mean result uncertain. The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great. .... ...logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited. .... Logic is rooted in the social principle."
- ^ See under "Quasi-mind" in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.
- ^ For Peirce's definitions of sign and semiosis, see under "Sign" and "Semiosis, semeiosy" in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms; and "76 definitions of sign by C. S. Peirce" collected by Robert Marty. Peirce's "What Is a Sign" (MS 404 of 1894, Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 4–10) provides intuitive help.
- ^ For example, Peirce said "determined (i.e., specialized, bestimmt)" in a letter to William James, dated 1909, see p. 492 in The Essential Peirce v. 2.
- ^ For Peirce's definitions of immediate object and the rest, see the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.
- ^ Pronounced with the “a” long and stressed: /rɛprɨzɛn.ˈteɪmən/. See wiktionary:representamen.
- ^ In that context Peirce speaks of collateral experience, collateral observation, collateral acquaintance, all in much the same terms. See pp. 404–9 in "Pragmatism" in The Essential Peirce v. 2. Ten quotes on collateral experience from Peirce provided by Joseph Ransdell can be viewed here at peirce-l's Lyris archive.
- ^ Peirce (1906), "Prolegomena To an Apology For Pragmaticism", The Monist, v. XVI, n. 4, pp. 492–546, see pp. 523–4, Google Books Eprint. Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 4, paragraphs 530–72, see 551.
- ^ a b Peirce (1903 MS), "Nomenclature and Divisions of Triadic Relations, as Far as They Are Determined", under other titles in Collected Papers (CP) v. 2, paragraphs 233–72, and reprinted under the original title in Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2, pp. 289–99. Also see image of MS 339 (August 7, 1904) supplied to peirce-l by Bernard Morand of the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (France), Département Informatique.
- ^ For more as to the definitions, terminology, and development of the classifications, see the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms
- ^ In 1902 Peirce used the word "seme" instead for an index, especially an indexical sinsign. See Collected Papers v. 2, paragraph 283.
- ^ Peirce said, "pronounce deeloam, from δήλωμα", Peirce (1906), "Prolegomena to an Apology for Pragmaticism", The Monist, v. 16, n. 4, pp. 492–546, see 507. Reprinted in Collected Papers v. 4, paragraphs 530–572, see 538. Eprint.
- ^ Peirce, C.S. (1867), "On a New List of Categories", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 7 (1868), pp. 287–98. (Delivered orally by Peirce in 1867 and distributed by him in 1867 as part of an extract).
- ^ Peirce, Collected Papers v. 2, paragraphs 276–7, written circa 1902. See under "Diagram" in the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms.
- ^ Hjelmslev [1943] Prolegomena to a Theory of Language, pp.47, 65, 67, and cf. 6.26, 30
- ^ Robert de Beaugrande (1991) [Linguistic Theory: The Discourse of Fundamental Works], section on Louis Hjelmslev.
- ^ Nöth, Winfried (1990) Handbook of semiotics, pp.66, 70-1 section 3
- ^ Daniel Chansler, Semiotics: the basics, Rutledge 2007, page 78
External links
- Associations and journals
- American Journal of Semiotics, Joseph Brent, Editor, & John Deely, Managing Editor — from the Semiotic Society of America.
- Applied Semiotics / Sémiotique appliquée (AS/SA), Peter G. Marteinson & Pascal G. Michelucci, Editors.
- Approaches to Semiotics (1969–97 book series), Thomas A. Sebeok, Alain Rey, Roland Posner, et al., Editors.
- Approaches to Applied Semiotics (2000–2009 book series), Thomas Sebeok et al., Editors.
- Biosemiotics, Marcello Barbieri, Editor-in-Chief — from the International Society for Biosemiotic Studies.
- Center for Semiotics, Aarhus University, Denmark.
- Cognitive Semiotics, Per Aage Brandt & Todd Oakley, Editors-in-Chief.
- Cybernetics and Human Knowing, Søren Brier, Chief Editor.
- International Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems (IJSSS), Angelo Loula & João Queiroz, Editors.
- Open Semiotics Resource Center. Journals, lecture courses, etc.
- S.E.E.D. Journal (Semiotics, Evolution, Energy, and Development) (2001–7), Edwina Taborsky, Editor — from SEE.
- Semiotica, Marcel Danesi, Chief Editor — from the International Association for Semiotic Studies.
- Semiotiche, Gian Paolo Caprettini, Managing Director; Andrea Valle & Miriam Visalli, Editors. Some articles in English. Home site seems gone from Web, old url [1] no longer good, and Wayback Machine cannot retrieve.
- Semiotics, Communication and Cognition (book series), Paul Cobley & Kalevi Kull, Editors.
- SemiotiX New Series: A Global Information Bulletin, Paul Bouissac et al.
- Sign Systems Studies, Kalevi Kull, Kati Lindstrom, Mihhail Lotman, Timo Maran, Silvi Salupere, Peeter Torop, Editors — from the Dept. of Semiotics, U. of Tartu, Estonia.
- Signs - International Journal of Semiotics. Martin Thellefsen, Torkild Thellefsen, & Bent Sørensen, chief eds.
- Tartu Semiotics Library (book series), Peeter Torop, Kalevi Kull, Silvi Salupere, Editors.
- The Public Journal of Semiotics, Paul Bouissac, Editor in Chief; Alan Cienki, Associate Editor; René Jorna, Winfried Nöth.
- The Semiotic Review of Books, Gary Genosko, General Editor; Paul Bouissac, Founding Editor.
- Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society, Cornelis de Waal, Chief Editor — from The Charles S. Peirce Society.
- Versus: Quaderni di studi semiotici, founded by Umberto Eco.
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